Agriculture is a major driver of global biodiversity decline. One policy mechanism being used to address the impacts of agriculture is the use of financial incentives, encouraging landowners to farm in a way that benefits biodiversity. Within Europe, this approach is delivered through agri-environment schemes (AES). The effectiveness of these schemes has been examined, highlighting mixed benefits for biodiversity generally and for specific taxonomic groups, but our understanding is incomplete. A significant knowledge gap is the amount of AES provision that is needed within a landscape to deliver the hoped-for biodiversity outcomes. This paper addresses this knowledge gap for farmland birds in the UK.

When species are in decline, it is sometimes appropriate for humans to step in and support them using management actions. To ensure these actions are effective, they must target the factors influencing the population decline (breeding productivity and/or survival), in the appropriate places, at the appropriate times, using the appropriate tools. Targeted management actions have been used effectively to restore a number of rare and localised species, however, understanding how best to target management for widespread but declining species, such as the Curlew, is likely to be more challenging.

Outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) have had a significant impact on the poultry industry and certain wild bird populations. Understanding the factors that lead to outbreaks is an important component of tackling the disease. The movements of migratory waterfowl have been linked to the spread of avian influenza, raising the question of whether existing data on bird movements could be used to develop an early warning system for the disease.

Why and how new migration routes emerge remain fundamental questions in ecology, particularly when viewed in the context of the current climate and biodiversity crises. We have already seen changes to migratory behaviour in some species, both in terms of the timing of movements and routes used, but identifying such changes at their earliest stage can be especially challenging, as this paper reveals.

The Curlew is of significant conservation concern in the UK, and poor breeding success is thought to be one driver of this species' decline. However, breeding behaviour can be particularly difficult to observe first-hand. Can GPS tracking data help address these knowledge gaps?