Golden Plover

Listen to example recordings of the main vocalisations of Golden Plover, provided by xeno-canto contributors.

This species can be found on the following statutory and conservation listings and schedules.

UK Birds of Conservation Concern	Green listed
Species of European Conservation Concern	Least Concern
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (global)	Least Concern
Schedule 1 license required (to disturb)	No
Birds Directive Annex 1	Yes
Listed on the Annexes of	WCA(II,III), WBD(I, II*&III*), Bern(III), Bonn(II), AEWA

There was no annual monitoring of the breeding population before the inception of BBS. Since 1995, BBS shows stability in Scotland and in the UK as a whole. This is believed to follow an earlier decline (Gibbons et al. 1993). A detailed survey confirmed that a sharp decline has occurred in Wales since the 1980s, with just 36 pairs located in 2007 (Johnstone et al. 2008). Analysis of BBS data from 1994 and 2009, using land cover data, suggested the UK population may have increased slightly over this period, to 57,000-67,000 pairs in 2009 (Massimino et al. 2011). However, the report warns that sample sizes were very low in some regions, and subsequent BBS records suggest counts were unusually high in 2009, so this estimate should be treated with caution and it was not used in the latest update of UK population estimates (APEP4: Woodward et al. 2020).

Numbers across Europe have been broadly stable since 1981 (PECBMS: PECBMS 2020a>). Winter numbers counted by WeBS, although mainly at coastal sites and omitting some big concentrations inland, increased strongly in Britain between the mid 1980s and 2006, since when a sharp fall until around 2011 has been followed by fluctuations (Frost et al. 2020); these birds are mainly of Fennoscandian or Russian origin. The species has recently been on the amber list, because of the international importance of the UK's wintering population, but was returned to the green list in 2015 (Eaton et al. 2015).

UK breeding population	No population change in UK (1995–2020)
UK winter population	-14% decrease (1995/96 to 2020/21)

Golden Plover winter through most of the lowlands of Britain and the midlands and coastal regions of Ireland. They breed in the uplands of north and west Britain and Ireland. In Scotland, highest densities occur on the Outer Hebrides, Shetland and the flows of Caithness and Sutherland. Comparable densities still exist in parts of the English Pennines.

One third of the Irish range and one fifth of the British range have been lost over the last 40 years. Losses have been greatest in the southern uplands of Scotland, and around the margins of the smaller outlying British and Irish populations, fragmenting them further.

Golden Plovers are recorded throughout the year but with a noticeable peak during autumn migration when birds of northern and eastern origin arrive.

View a summary of recoveries in the Online Ringing Report.

Foreign locations of birds ringed or recovered in Britain & Ireland

View number ringed each year in the Online Ringing Report

Maximum Age from Ringing	12 years 0 months 29 days (set in 1978)
Typical Lifespan	4 years with breeding typically at 1 year
Adult Survival	0.73

Wing Length	Adults	193.5±5.4 | Range 186–202mm, N=213
	Juveniles	189.8±5.9 | Range 181-199mm, N=98

Body Weight	Adults	209±18.44 | Range 180–236g, N=224
	Juveniles	209±20.8975 | Range 172–248g, N=93

Feather measurements and photos on featherbase

Ring size	D
Field Codes	2-letter: GP | 5-letter code: GOLPL | Euring: 4850

For information in another language (where available) click on a linked name

Causes of change

The causes of change are unclear and demographic information is sparse.

Further information on causes of change

The causes of change are unclear and demographic information is sparse. Clutch size is unchanged, in spite of the fact that the records shown in the clutch size graph during 1996-98 include a large number of late-season nest records, with higher proportions of two- and three-egg clutches, which were submitted from an intensive study (J.W. Pearce-Higgins, pers. comm.).

A study alongside the Pennine Way indicates avoidance of areas heavily used by walkers and the potential for clearer definition of paths to increase habitat available to Golden Plovers (Finney et al. 2005). Nest survival on grass moors, unlike that on heather moors, may have declined over time (Crick 1992), perhaps linked to increased stocking densities of sheep (Fuller 1996), though other studies have found abundance was lower with reduced sheep densities (Douglas et al. 2017) or taller vegetation (Buchanan et al. 2017). A recent study found that high sheep tick load was negatively correlated with tick survival; however this was based on a low sample size at a single site, and further work is needed in order to verify this finding with a larger sample at more sites, and to ascertain whether tick load on chicks could be a potential driver of population trends (Douglas et al. 2019).

Warmer springs are reported to advance the breeding phenology of Golden Plovers and of their prey (Pearce-Higgins et al. 2005) and it is likely that the effects of climatic warming on cranefly (tipulid) populations will cause northward contraction of the species' range (Pearce-Higgins et al. 2010). Conservation management options in the light of climate change have been explored by Pearce-Higgins (2011). Abundance was also positively correlated with the level of predator control in one study (Buchanan et al. 2017).

Information about conservation actions

Although the drivers of change for this species remain poorly known, a number of potential conservation actions have been suggested. The species is found in upland habitats and requires patches of heather mixed with grass rather than larger stands of heather (Whittingham et al. 2001), in particular wetter areas with soft rush (Whittingham et al. 2001), or cotton grass and bare peat (Pearce-Higgins & Yalden 2004) to support chicks. Hence conservation efforts should focus on providing a mosaic habitat and identifying and maintaining patches used by golden plover. Site-based management actions which aim to increase cranefly (tipulid) populations and manipulate predation rates could help protect the species to some degree from the potential future effects of climate change (Pearce-Higgins 2011). Clearly defined paths across moorlands could decrease disturbance and hence mean that more habitat is effectively available to Golden Plovers (Finney et al. 2005), although low levels of disturbance will not necessarily cause habitat avoidance or affect reproductive success (Pearce-Higgins et al. 2007). Evidence about stocking densities is contradictory and further research may therefore be required before conservation actions can be suggested (see Causes of Change section).

Control of predators has also been suggested as a possible conservation action: A survey of 18 estates in northern England and south-east Scotland also concluded that predator control had positive effects on Golden Plover abundance, but found that these effects saturate at a relatively low level of control above which there were few benefits (Littlewood et al. 2019). The same study did not find any benefits to waders resulting from heather burning.