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Home > Contents > Methodology
> Constant Effort Sites
2.6 Constant Effort Sites Scheme The Constant Effort Sites (CES) Scheme uses changes in catch sizes across a network of standardised mist-netting sites to monitor changes in the abundance and breeding success of common passerines in scrub and wetland habitats. At each constant effort site, licensed ringers erect a series of mist nets in the same positions, for the same amount of time, during 12 morning visits evenly spaced between May and August. Year-to-year changes in the number of adults caught provide a measure of changing population size, while the ratio of young birds to adults in the total catch is used to monitor annual productivity (breeding success). By monitoring the abundance of young birds between May and August, the CES method should integrate contributions to annual productivity from the entire nesting season, including second and third broods for multi-brooded species. Between-year recaptures of ringed birds can also be used to calculate annual survival rates, although this requires specialised analytical techniques (e.g. Peach 1993) and is not considered further here. Further details of the CES Scheme and methods of analysis are presented by Peach et al. (1996). The CES Scheme began in 1983 with 46 sites and now has nearly 150. The distribution of CES sites tends to reflect the distribution of ringers within Britain and Ireland. The majority are operated in England, and there are small numbers in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The CES monitors the populations of 28 species of passerines in scrub and wetland habitats. Data analysis Annual estimates of the abundance of adults and young are separately assessed through application of log–linear Poisson regression models, from which fitted year-effects are taken as annual relative abundances, compared to an arbitrary value of 100 in a recent year in the sequence. An 85% confidence interval is based on the corresponding asymptotic standard errors. At sites where catching effort in a year falls below the required 12 visits, but eight or more visits have been completed, annual catch sizes are corrected according to experience during years with complete coverage, by incorporating an offset into the generalised linear model (see Peach et al. 1998 for full details). Sites with fewer than eight visits in a given year are omitted for the year in question. Annual indices of productivity (young per adult) are estimated from logistic regression models applied to the proportions of juvenile birds in the catch, the year-effects then being transformed to measures of productivity relative to an arbitrary value of 100 in a recent year. As above, catch sizes are corrected where small numbers of visits have been missed. It should be noted that these indices are relative, and are not estimates of the actual numbers of young produced per adult (Freeman et al. 2001). Data are presented graphically with annual estimates in blue and their 85% confidence limits in green. Methods and software for the optimal fitting of smoothed trends to CES data remain in development. Here, we also present a non-parametric regression model fitted to the calculated annual indices of abundance and productivity (via thin-plate smoothing splines with six degrees of freedom), to provide a simple smoothed picture. This is the red smoothed line on the CES graphs on the species pages. A caveat is provided for 'Small samples' when the average number of plots per year is between 10 and 20. Next section – 2.7 Nest Record Scheme CLICK HERE to go to the CES section of the main BTO website |
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